Leksikon Fauna dalam Bahasa Batak Toba: Kajian Ekolinguistik
Abstract
Penelitian ini mengkaji leksikon fauna dalam Bahasa Batak Toba (disingkat BBT) melalui pendekatan ekolinguistik yang mengintegrasikan analisis linguistik, ekologis, dan budaya untuk menelusuri bagaimana masyarakat Batak Toba (selanjunya disingkat MBT) membangun hubungan dengan lingkungan alamnya. Leksikon fauna dalam BBT tidak sekadar menamai spesies, tetapi juga merekam informasi ekologis, nilai simbolik, dan pengetahuan budaya yang diwariskan antargenerasi. Dengan menggunakan metode campuran, penelitian ini memadukan analisis kualitatif terhadap proses morfologis, seperti afiksasi, reduplikasi, dan pemajemukan, dengan analisis kuantitatif yang mengukur tingkat pemahaman masyarakat melalui observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, dan kuesioner yang melibatkan 245 responden lintas usia di Kelurahan Patane III, Kabupaten Toba. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan produktivitas tinggi dalam pembentukan leksikon fauna yang mencerminkan kedekatan masyarakat dengan fauna darat, air, dan amfibi; pola afiksasi seperti {mar-}, {par-}, {maN-}, {sa-}, serta {-an} dan {par-…-an} menjadi penanda utama konstruksi makna ekologis dan sosial, sementara reduplikasi dan kata majemuk memperlihatkan keragaman representasi budaya dan simbolik. Secara kuantitatif, kelompok lansia memiliki tingkat pemahaman paling tinggi, sedangkan generasi muda menunjukkan penurunan terutama pada fauna yang jarang dijumpai akibat perubahan ekosistem dan pengaruh modernisasi bahasa. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa berkurangnya penggunaan BBT berdampak pada memudarnya pengetahuan ekologis yang melekat dalam leksikonnya, sehingga diperlukan upaya dokumentasi, revitalisasi, dan pendidikan berbasis budaya untuk menjaga keberlanjutan bahasa serta melestarikan identitas ekologis dan budaya masyarakat Batak Toba.
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