Kekerasan Simbolik dan Ambivalensi Ideologi Gender dalam Novel Azab dan Sengsara Karya Merari Siregar: Kajian Dominasi Maskulin Pierre Bourdieu
Abstract
Novel Azab dan Sengsara (1920) karya Merari Siregar lazim dibaca sebagai kritik terhadap kawin paksa. Cara kritik itu bekerja berdampingan dengan pandangan gender yang konservatif, dan hal ini belum banyak dibedah dengan perangkat sosiologi Pierre Bourdieu. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguraikan bentuk kekerasan simbolik terhadap tokoh perempuan, menjelaskan cara tokoh perempuan ikut menjalankannya, dan memperlihatkan ambivalensi ideologi gender dalam novel. Data berupa kutipan narasi, dialog, dan monolog batin dari novel edisi Balai Pustaka cetakan ke-30 (2011). Data dikumpulkan dengan teknik baca-catat dan dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif melalui pembacaan cermat dengan konsep doksa, habitus, kekerasan simbolik, dan dominasi maskulin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan empat temuan. Pertama, rasa malu dan kepantasan bertindak sebagai doksa yang membuat kawin paksa tampak wajar, bahkan tanpa paksaan terang-terangan. Kedua, habitus tokoh perempuan, terutama Nuria dan Mariamin, tersusun dari kesabaran dan penyerahan diri sehingga mereka turut menjalankan dominasi atas dirinya sendiri. Ketiga, boli, ramalan dukun, dan ungkapan “Engkau kubeli” memperlihatkan perempuan diperlakukan sebagai objek pertukaran antarlaki-laki. Keempat, narator mengecam kawin paksa sekaligus memuliakan perempuan yang sabar dan saleh, sehingga kritiknya berhenti pada cara perkawinan diatur dan tidak menyentuh hierarki gender yang menopangnya. Temuan ini melengkapi kajian feminis terdahulu atas novel yang sama dan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan apresiasi sastra yang berperspektif gender.
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